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MCAD - Mast Cell Activation Disorder

What is MCAD?

Mast Cell Activation Disease (MCAD) or Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) is a rare condition characterized by the presence of hyperactive mast cells that release excessive amounts of inflammatory and allergic mediators. MCAD is associated with a wide range of clinical symptoms (please see below). Secondary MCAD, or reactions caused by other reactive processes such as drugs and infections, can also occur in certain patients. The underlying cause of mast cell activation is clonal mast cells (MCS) however the diagnosis of MCAD remains challenging due to the need to exclude other relevant diagnoses such as neuroendocrine conditions, mastocytosis, or other causes of chronic multisystem conditions.

What are commons symptoms?

  • Skin rashes
  • Flushing
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Headaches
  • Abdominal pain
  • Tachycardia

How is MCAD diagnosed?

The diagnosis of Mast Cell Activation Disorder historically required elevated mast cell mediators (such as tryptase) level reading during a triggering episode, or positive results from a skin or stomach biopsy or bone marrow aspirate test. These can be very difficult and aggressive tests. In 2020 a global consensus was published by a large group of MCAD experts that determined that the major criteria for MCAD diagnosis should be clinical, meaning a determination after thorough investigation of symptoms and clinical history as well as patients positive response to treatment.

What does treatment entail?

Once diagnosed, followup care involves tracking the severity of symptoms and identifying potential triggers that may be exacerbating them. Treatment usually consists of prescribing antihistamines, mediator blockers, or mast cell stabilizers. While medications can help reduce the severity of reactions, they do not address the root cause of the problem or cure it altogether. As a result, some patients continue to suffer despite treatment.

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Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery
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